summary的寫法

Summary的寫法

一、概括原文

（一）閲讀

1.讀懂文章

讀文章的時候，要養成良好的閲讀習慣，劃劃寫寫，英文閲讀的時候，用鉛筆輕輕劃出重點詞彙。

認真閲讀給定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多讀兩遍。閲讀次數越多，你對原文的理解就越深刻。

2.拆分文章

按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每個段落用幾個詞，幾個短語概括。儘量簡短，精煉。 段落中心句，在段落的開頭或末尾。有時也會變態的在當中。

3.概括主旨

寫出文章的thesis, 一句話概括文章的主旨。

（二）基本結構和技巧

1.重新擬定標題

給summary起一個標題。用那些能概括文章主題思想的單詞、短語或短句子作為標題。也可以採用文中的主題句作為標題。

2.闡述觀點

摘要應全部用自己的話完成。不要引用原文的句子。寫概述的時候，如果能夠明確是他人寫作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the author…….）。接着寫出要闡述的main ideas（主要觀點）和supporting points（對主要觀點的支持）。

3.詞彙運用

注意概述的coherence（連貫性），運用好transition words（過渡詞）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc.

4.刪除細節

只保留主要觀點。

5.選擇一至兩個有代表性的例子

原文中可能包括5個或更多的例子，你只需從中篩選一至二個例子。

6.把長句變成短句，把長段的描述變成短小、簡單的句子。

“ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”

可以概括為：“He was in financial difficulties.”

“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”

可以概括為：”He was very brave in battle.”

“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”

可以概括為：“He was in financial difficulties.”

6) 你還可以使用詞組代替整句或者從句。請看下面的例子：

“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who1

never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”

可以概括為：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”

7) 使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞，比如：

“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”

可以概括為：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”

8） 使用最短的連接詞。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等較長的連接詞。通常，使用分號就能夠達成使用連接詞的效果。

9) 文章中的第一人稱説的話通常在摘要中轉換成第三人稱，從而把大段的對白簡化，比如：

Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”

可以用第三人稱概括為：

Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.

7.注意問題

（1）避免重複

在原文中，為了強調某個主題，可能會重複論證説明。但是這在summary中是不能使用的。應該刪除那些突出強調的重述句。

（2）不要把自己的觀點強行添加給作者

（3）概述長度不要超過原文章的1/4

（4）不要過多照搬原作者的用詞，用句

（儘可能用自己的話來寫，但不排斥用原文的某些詞句）。

（5）最後檢查一遍，確保文中沒有語病，沒有語法錯誤和拼寫錯誤。

二、論文摘要

摘要的基本結構和內容 因為摘要本質上就是一篇高度濃縮的論文，所以其構成與論文主體的結構是對應的。因此，摘要應包括以下內容梗概：（1）目的：研究工作的前提、目的和任務, 所涉及的主題範圍；（2）方法：所用的理論、條件、手段等；（3）結果（4）結果的分析、比較、評價、應用，提出的問題，今後的課題, 假設、啟發、建議、預測等；（5）其他：不屬於研究、研製、調查的主要目的，但具有重要的信息價值。

（一）引言部分

1.回顧研究背景

常用詞彙有：review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。

This paper outlines some of the basic discusses about…….

2.闡明寫作或研究目的

常用詞彙有：purpose, attempt, aim等。另外還可以用動詞不定式充當目的狀語來表達。例如：

To investigate the mechanism of…….

3.介紹論文的重點內容或研究範圍

常用的詞彙有：study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。

Here we study the…….

This article includes a brief review of………

（二）方法部分

1.介紹研究過程

常用詞彙有：test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。

We present an analysis of …….

2.説明研究或試驗方法

常用詞彙有：measure, estimate, calculate等。

We have developed a……model to estimate ……..

This study presents estimates of……..

（三）結果部分

1.展示研究結果

常用詞彙有：show, result, present等。

We show this cell death to be dependent upon……

Our results suggest that……

2.介紹結論

常用詞彙有：summary, introduce, conclude等。

By means of a series of examples, we conclude that……

（四）討論部分

1.陳述論文的論點和作者的觀點

常用詞彙有：suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等。

The results suggest that……

In this study, we describe …….

2.闡明論證

常用詞彙有：support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等。

3.推薦和建議

常用詞彙有：suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等。