目錄
正文
第一篇：Adoption of the Declaration of Human Rights
eleanor roosevelt: Adoption of the Declaration of Human Rights
mr. president, fellow delegates:
the long and meticulous study and debate of which this universal Declaration of Human Rights is the product means that it reflects the composite views of the many men and governments who have contributed to its formulation. not every man nor every government can have what he wants in a document of this kind. there are of course particular provisions in the Declaration before us with which we are not fully satisfied. i have no doubt this is true of other delegations, and it would still be true if we continued our labors over many years. taken as a whole the delegation of the
certain provisions of the Declaration are stated in such broad terms as to be acceptable only because of the limitations in article 29 providing for limitation on the exercise of the Rights for the purpose of meeting the requirements of morality, public order, and the general welfare. an example of this is the provision that everyone has the right of equal access to the public service in his country. the basic principle of equality and of nondiscrimination as to public employment is sound, but it cannot be accepted without limitations. my government, for example, would consider that this is unquestionably subject to limitation in the interest of public order and the general welfare. it would not consider that the exclusion from public employment of persons holding subversive political beliefs and not loyal to the basic principles and practices of the constitution and laws of the country would in any way infringe upon this right.
likewise, my government has made it clear in the course of the development of the Declaration that it does not consider that the economic and social and cultural Rights stated in the Declaration imply an obligation on governmental action. this was made quite clear in the Human Rights commission text of article 23 which served as a so-called "umbrella" article to the articles on economic and social Rights. we consider that the principle has not been affected by the fact that this article no longer contains a reference to the articles which follow it. this in no way affects our whole-hearted support for the basic principles of economic, social, and cultural Rights set forth in these articles.
in giving our approval to the Declaration today it is of primary importance that we keep clearly in mind the basic character of the document. it is not a treaty; it is not an international agreement. it is not and does not purport to be a statement of basic principles of law or legal obligation. it is a Declaration of basic principles of Human Rights and freedoms, to be stamped with the approval of the general assembly by formal vote of its members, and to serve as a common standard of achievement for all peoples of all nations.
we stand today at the threshold of a great event both in the life of the united nations and in the life of mankind, that is the approval by the general assembly of the universal Declaration of Human Rights recommended by the third committee. this Declaration may well become the international magna carta of all men everywhere. we hope its proclamation by the general assembly will be an event comparable to the proclamation of the Declaration of the Rights of the man by the french people in 1789, the Adoption of the bill of Rights by the people of the united states, and the Adoption of comparable Declarations at different times in other countries.
at a time when there are so many issues on which we find it difficult to reach a common basis of agreement, it is a significant fact that 58 states have found such a large measure of agreement in the complex field of Human Rights. this must be taken as testimony of our common aspiration first voiced in the charter of the united nations to lift men everywhere to a higher standard of life and to a greater enjoyment of freedom. man’s desire for peace lies behind this Declaration. the realization that the fragrant violation of Human Rights by nazi and fascist countries sowed the seeds of the last world war has supplied the impetus for the work which brings us to the moment of achievement here today.
in a recent speech in canada, gladstone murray said:
"the central fact is that man is fundamentally a moral being, that the
light we have is imperfect does not matter so long as we are always
trying to improve it … we are equal in sharing the moral freedom that
distinguishes us as men. man’s status makes each individual an end in
himself. no man is by nature simply the servant of the state or of
another man … the ideal and fact of freedom—and not
technology—are the true distinguishing marks of our civilization."
this Declaration is based upon the spiritual fact that man must have freedom in which to develop his full stature and through common effort to raise the level of Human dignity. we have much to do to fully achieve and to assure the Rights set forth in this Declaration. but having them put before us with the moral backing of 58 nations will be a great step forward.
as we here bring to fruition our labors on this Declaration of Human Rights, we must at the same time rededicate ourselves to the unfinished task which lies before us. we can now move on with new courage and inspiration to the completion of an international covenant on Human Rights and of measures for the implementation of Human Rights.
in conclusion i feel that i cannot do better than to repeat the call to action by secretary marshall in his opening statement to this assembly:
"let this third regular session of the general assembly approve by an
overwhelming majority the Declaration of Human Rights as a
statement of conduct for all; and let us, as members of the united
nations, conscious of our own short-comings and imperfections, join
our effort in all faith to live up to this high standard."
第二篇：adopting the Declaration of Human Rights
eleanor roosevelt
on the Adoption of the universal Declaration of Human Rights
delivered 9 december 1948 in paris, france
演講者簡介：安娜·埃莉諾·羅斯福(anna eleanor roosevelt，1884年10月11日-1962年11月7日)，美國第32任總統富蘭克林·德拉諾·羅斯福的妻子，曾為美國第一夫人。第二次世界大戰後她出任美國首任駐聯合國大使，並主導起草了聯合國的“世界人權宣言”。她是女性主義者，亦大力提倡保護人權。
mr. president, fellow delegates:
the long and meticulous study and debate of which this universal Declaration of Human Rights is the product means that it reflects the composite views of the many men and governments who have contributed to its formulation. not every man nor every government can have what he wants in a document of this kind. there are of course particular provisions in the Declaration before us with which we are not fully satisfied. i have no doubt this is true of other delegations, and it would still be true if we continued our labors over many years. taken as a whole the delegation of the united states believes that this is a good document -- even a great document -- and we propose to give it our full support. the position of the united states on the various parts of the Declaration is a matter of record in the third committee. i shall not burden the assembly, and particularly my colleagues of the third committee, with a restatement of that position here.
i should like to comment briefly on the amendments proposed by the soviet delegation. the language of these amendments has been dressed up somewhat, but the substance is the same as the amendments which were offered by the soviet delegation in committee and rejected after exhaustive discussion. substantially the same amendments have been previously considered and rejected in the Human Rights commission. we in the united states admire those who fight for their convictions, and the soviet delegation has fought for their convictions. but in the older democracies we have learned that sometimes we bow to the will of the majority. in doing that, we do not give up our convictions. we continue sometimes to persuade, and eventually we may be successful. but we know that we have to work together and we have to progress. so, we believe that when we have made a good fight, and the majority is against us, it is perhaps better tactics to try to cooperate.
i feel bound to say that i think perhaps it is somewhat of an imposition on this assembly to have these amendments offered again here, and i am confident that they will be rejected without debate.
the first two paragraphs of the amendment to article 3 deal with the question of minorities, which committee 3 decided required further study, and has recommended, in a separate resolution, their reference to the economic and social council and the Human Rights commission. as set out in the soviet amendment, this provision clearly states "group," and not "individual," Rights.
the soviet amendment to article 20 is obviously a very restrictive statement of the right to freedom of opinion and expression. it sets up standards which would enable any state practically to deny all freedom of opinion and expression without violating the article. it introduces the terms "democratic view," "democratic systems," "democratic state," and "fascism," which we know all too well from debates in this assembly over the past two years on warmongering and related subjects are liable to the most flagrant abuse and diverse interpretations.
the statement of the soviet delegate here tonight is a very good case in point on this. the soviet amendment of article 22 introduces new elements into the article without improving the committed text and again introduces specific reference to "discrimination." as was repeatedly pointed out in committee 3, the question of discrimination is comprehensively covered in article 2 of the Declaration, so that its restatement elsewhere is completely unnecessary and also has the effect of weakening the comprehensive principles stated in article 2. the new article proposed by the soviet delegation is but a restatement of state obligation, which the soviet delegation attempted to introduce into practically every article in the Declaration. it would convert the Declaration into a document stating obligations on states, thereby changing completely its character as a statement of principles to serve as a common standard of achievement for the members of the united nations.
the soviet proposal for deferring consideration of the Declaration to the 4th session of the assembly requires no comment. an identical text was rejected in committee 3 by a vote of 6 in favor and 26 against. we are all agreed, i am sure, that the Declaration, which has been worked on with such great effort and devotion, and over such a long period of time, must be approved by this assembly at this session.
第三篇：Adoption of the Declaration of
eleanor roosevelt: Adoption of the Declaration of Human Rights
mr. president, fellow delegates:
the long and meticulous study and debate of which this universal Declaration of Human Rights is the product means that it reflects the composite views of the many men and governments who have contributed to its formulation. not every man nor every government can have what he wants in a document of this kind. there are of course particular provisions in the Declaration before us with which we are not fully satisfied. i have no doubt this is true of other delegations, and it would still be true if we continued our labors over many years. taken as a whole the delegation of the
certain provisions of the Declaration are stated in such broad terms as to be acceptable only because of the limitations in article 29 providing for limitation on the exercise of the Rights for the purpose of meeting the requirements of morality, public order, and the general welfare. an example of this is the provision that everyone has the right of equal access to the public service in his country. the basic principle of equality and of nondiscrimination as to public employment is sound, but it cannot be accepted without limitations. my government, for example, would consider that this is unquestionably subject to limitation in the interest of public order and the general welfare. it would not consider that the exclusion from public employment of persons holding subversive political beliefs and not loyal to the basic principles and practices of the constitution and laws of the country would in any way infringe upon this right.
likewise, my government has made it clear in the course of the development of the Declaration that it does not consider that the economic and social and cultural Rights stated in the Declaration imply an obligation on governmental action. this was made quite clear in the Human Rights commission text of article 23 which served as a so-called "umbrella" article to the articles on economic and social Rights. we consider that the principle has not been affected by the fact that this article no longer contains a reference to the articles which follow it. this in no way affects our whole-hearted support for the basic principles of economic, social, and cultural Rights set forth in these articles.
in giving our approval to the Declaration today it is of primary importance that we keep clearly in mind the basic character of the document. it is not a treaty; it is not an international agreement. it is not and does not purport to be a statement of basic principles of law or legal obligation. it is a Declaration of basic principles of Human Rights and freedoms, to be stamped with the approval of the general assembly by formal vote of its members, and to serve as a common standard of achievement for all peoples of all nations.
we stand today at the threshold of a great event both in the life of the united nations and in the life of mankind, that is the approval by the general assembly of the universal Declaration of Human Rights recommended by the third committee. this Declaration may well become the international magna carta of all men everywhere. we hope its proclamation by the general assembly will be an event comparable to the proclamation of the Declaration of the Rights of the man by the french people in 1789, the Adoption of the bill of Rights by the people of the united states, and the Adoption of comparable Declarations at different times in other countries.
at a time when there are so many issues on which we find it difficult to reach a common basis of agreement, it is a significant fact that 58 states have found such a large measure of agreement in the complex field of Human Rights. this must be taken as testimony of our common aspiration first voiced in the charter of the united nations to lift men everywhere to a higher standard of life and to a greater enjoyment of freedom. man?ˉs desire for peace lies behind this Declaration. the realization that the fragrant violation of Human Rights by nazi and fascist countries sowed the seeds of the last world war has supplied the impetus for the work which brings us to the moment of achievement here today.
in a recent speech in canada, gladstone murray said:
"the central fact is that man is fundamentally a moral being, that the light we have is imperfect does not matter(本站：) so long as we are always trying to improve it ?- we are equal in sharing the moral freedom that distinguishes us as men. man?ˉs status makes each individual an end in himself. no man is by nature simply the servant of the state or of another man ?- the ideal and fact of freedom?aand not technology?aare the true distinguishing marks of our civilization."
this Declaration is based upon the spiritual fact that man must have freedom in which to develop his full stature and through common effort to raise the level of Human dignity. we have much to do to fully achieve and to assure the Rights set forth in this Declaration. but having them put before us with the moral backing of 58 nations will be a great step forward.
本站範文網[]
as we here bring to fruition our labors on this Declaration of Human Rights, we must at the same time rededicate ourselves to the unfinished task which lies before us. we can now move on with new courage and inspiration to the completion of an international covenant on Human Rights and of measures for the implementation of Human Rights.
in conclusion i feel that i cannot do better than to repeat the call to action by secretary marshall in his opening statement to this assembly:
"let this third regular session of the general assembly approve by an overwhelming majority the Declaration of Human Rights as a statement of conduct for all; and let us, as members of the united nations, conscious of our own short-comings and imperfections, join our effort in all faith to live up to this high standard."
第四篇：universal Declaration of Human Rights
universal Declaration of Human Rights
preamble
whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable Rights of all members of the Human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
whereas disregard and contempt for Human Rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which Human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,
whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that Human Rights should be protected by the rule of law,
whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,
whereas the peoples of the united nations have in the charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental Human Rights, in the dignity and worth of the Human person and in the equal Rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,
whereas member states have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperation with the united nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of Human Rights and fundamental freedoms,
whereas a common understanding of these Rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,
now, therefore,
the general assembly,
proclaims this universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these Rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of member states themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.
article i
all Human beings are born free and equal in dignity and Rights. they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
article 2
everyone is entitled to all the Rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
article 3
everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
article 4
no one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
article 5
no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inHuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
article 6
everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
article 7
all are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. all are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
article 8
everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental Rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
article 9
no one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
article 10
everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his Rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.
article 11
everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.
no one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.
article 12
no one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
article 13
everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.
everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his cle 14
everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
this right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the united nations.
article 15
everyone has the right to a nationality.
no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.
article 16
men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. they are entitled to equal Rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.
the family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by
society and the state.
article 17
everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
article 18
everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and cle 19
everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
article 20
everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
no one may be compelled to belong to an association.
article 21
everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.
everyone has the right to equal access to public service in his country.
the will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.
article 22
everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each state, of the economic, social and cultural Rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
article 23
everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of Human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.
everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his cle 24
everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.
article 25
everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. all children, whether born
in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
article 26
everyone has the right to education. education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. elementary education shall be compulsory. technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
education shall be directed to the full development of the Human personality and to the strengthening of respect for Human Rights and fundamental freedoms. it shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the united nations for the maintenance of peace.
parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their cle 27
everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
article 28
everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the Rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.
article 29
everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.
in the exercise of his Rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the Rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.
these Rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the united nations.
article 30
nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any state, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the Rights and freedoms set forth herein.
第五篇：the Human side of enterprise
企業的人性面
作者簡介：
作者:道格拉斯·麥格雷戈 (douglas mcgregor)
道格拉斯·麥格雷戈(douglas m·mc gregor，1906～1964) 美國著名的行為科學家，人性假設理論創始人，管理理論的奠基人之一，x-y理論管理大師。 道格拉斯·麥格雷戈是人際關係學派最具有影響力的思想家之一。他是麻省理工學院斯隆管理學院創始人之一，安提亞克學院院長。美國國家培訓所所長、心理協會會長以及政府和工業企業的顧問。 他的學生評價他説：“麥格雷戈有一種天賦，他能理解那些真正打動實際工作者的東西。”
麥格雷戈出生於1906年
在1924年他18歲的時候還是一個服務站的服務員，後在韋恩大學取得文學學士學位；
1935年，他取得哈佛大學哲學博士學位，隨後留校任教；
1937～1964年期間在麻省理工學院任教，他教授的課程包括心理學和工業管理等，並對組織的發展有所研究。
1948～1954年在安第奧克學院任院長。任院長期間，麥格雷戈對當時流行的傳統的管理觀點和對人的特性的看法提出了疑問。
1957年11月號的美國《管理評論》雜誌上發表了《企業的人性方面》(the Human sideof enterprise)一文，提出了有名的“x理論一y理論”，該文1960年以書的形式出版。
1954《管理的哲學》
1960《企業的人性方面》
1961《經理人員在技術爆炸時期的責任》
麥克雷戈斯（douglas mcgregor,1906~1964）自哈佛大學取得心理學博士後先在哈佛任教數年，在1937年轉到麻省理工學院任教。麥克雷戈認為管理的根本問題在 於管理者對人性的假設，越接近事實的就越理性。麥克雷戈在1960年出版＜企業的人性面＞（the Human side of enterprise,協志出版），他認為當時的組織設計乃基於錯誤的人性假設。他將當時的一般看法稱為x理論，又提出一套不同的看法，稱之為y理論。 麥克雷戈的這個理論，為彼得?德魯克早年提出的目標管理提供了理論基礎。“目標管理”的概念是美國管理學大師彼得·德魯克（peter drucker1909——2014年11月11日）1954年在其名著《管理實踐》中最先提出的，其後他又提出“目標管理和自我控制”的主張。德魯克認為，
並不是有了工作才有目標，而是相反，有了目標才能確定每個人的工作。所以“企業的使命和任務，必須轉化為目標”，如果一個領域沒有目標，這個領域的工作必然被忽視。因此管理者應該通過目標對下級進行管理，當組織最高層管理者確定了組織目標後，必須對其進行有效分解，轉變成各個部門以及各個人的分目標，管理者根據分目標的完成情況對下級進行考核、評價和獎懲。
道格拉斯?麥格雷戈(douglas mcgregor)在書中提出了有關人性的兩種載然不同的觀點：一種是基本上消極的x理論(theory x)；另一種是基本上積極的y理論(theory y)。通過觀察管理處理員工關係的方式，麥格雷戈發現，管理者關於人性的觀點是建立在一些假設基礎之上的，而管理者又根據這些假設來塑造他們自己對下屬的行為方式。
麥格雷戈歸納了基於對人性的不同看法而形成的兩種理論。他認為,傳統理論是以對人性的錯誤看法為基礎的,這種理論把人看作天性厭惡工作，逃避責任,不誠實和愚蠢等。因此，為了提高勞動生產效率，就必須採取強制、監督、 懲罰的方法。麥格雷戈把這種理論稱之為 “x” 理論。 與之相對的是“y”理論，其基本觀點是：人並不是被動的，人的行為受動機支配，只要創造一定的條件,他們會視工作為一種得到滿足的因素，就能主動把工作幹好。因此，對工作過程中存在的問題，應從管理上找原因,排除職工積極性發揮的障礙。麥格雷戈把這種理論稱之為“y”理論。 他認為“x”理論是一種過時的理論，只有“y”理論才能保證管理的成功。
麥格雷戈本人認為，與x理論的假設相比，y理論更實際有效，因此他建議讓員工參與決策，為員工提供富有挑戰性和責任感的工作，建立良好的羣體關係，這都會極大地調動員工的工作積極性。在過去的數十年中，世界許多大公司企業都較為堅定地相信道格拉斯·麥格雷戈的y理論，他們相信人是願意負責、具有創造性和進取心的，每一位員工應當受到尊重和值得信任。並據此制定了大量的人才招聘、培訓、選拔和激勵制度和方案，結果在實踐中獲得了巨大的成功。麥格雷戈在《企業的人性方面》一書中把y理論稱為“個人目標與組織目標的結合”，他認為關鍵不在於採用強硬的或温和的方法，而在於要在管理思想上從x理論變為y理論。x理論的假設是靜止地看人，現在已經過時了；y理論則是以動態的觀點來看人，但這一理論也有很大的侷限性。
x理論的導致以下管理思想
：①任何一個組織績效之低下都是由人的本性所至 ②人必須在強迫與控制之下才肯工作，因而在管理上要求由分權化管理回覆到集權化管理。 ③由x理論推導出的一項組織的基本原則稱為“階梯原則”，即透過權威的運用以執行督導與控制 ④從x理論出發，強調“組織要求”重於“個人需要”。
奉行x理論的經理人會表現出專橫且多疑，他們認為員工必須一直受到監視，否則就會偷懶。他們與員工之間的交流就是明白或者隱晦地以負面刺激來進行恐嚇，這些都暗含了心理上的威脅；即便員工表現出色，所獲得的獎勵也主要是金錢方面的，很少涉及私人情感。從文章看出，這些經理人覺得，除了給員工加薪升職之外，沒有什麼別的辦法能向員工表達對其工作的讚賞。員工們覺得自己不受尊重，所以就會以專橫的經理們所極力要制止的東西來對付他們，也就是磨洋工、開小差和“我根本就不在乎”的態度。從根本上來講，奉行x理論的經理們認為僱員對公司的現實和長遠利益的關心不如管理層那麼強烈。這是一種監督式的管理，認為如果對員工放任自流，他們就不可能積極主動地工作、不可能有良好的判斷力、不可能堅持不懈地努力去解決工作中的問題，所以奉行這種理論的經理人在工作中很難放權。
根據y理論，必然會導致下述的管理思想、原則與措施：
①任何一個組織績效之低落都應歸之於管理。
②人是依靠自己的主動性、天資稟賦與自我督導去工作的，因而在管理上要求由集權化管理恢復到參與管理。
③由y理論推導出一項組織的基本原則——“融合原則”(the principle of integration)即創造一種環境，以使組織中的成員在該環境下，既能達成各成員本身的個人目標，又要努力促成組織的成功。
④由y理論出發，強調要同時兼顧組織的需要與個人的需要。
作者觀點：
信奉y理論的經理人認為，人本身就是一項資產，他們在工作中的才幹是可以培育的。員工們並不是不願投入、惰性十足、需要受到鞭策才能按企業所希望的那樣去工作，恰恰相反，他們希望承擔那些能夠獲得內在激勵的工作。這應該説是一個很大的觀念創新！
麥格雷戈把y理論稱為“人員管理工作的新理論”，是“個人目標和組織目標相結合”的理論。他主張，管理者要以這種新理論為指導思想，根據不同的情況，因人而異地採用領導、協助和教育等方法，給工人安排他感到有吸引力和有意義
的工作，使個人需要和組織目標儘可能結合在一起，以便把個人的智慧和能力充分發揮出來；要用啟發與誘導代替命令與服從；用信任與關懷代替監督與懲罰。他還認為，企業管理的關鍵問題不是在採用“強硬的方法”或“温和的方法”之間進行選擇，而是要在指導思想上變x理論為y理論。
具體説來，x理論以“人性惡”為基礎，假設一般人都對工作具有與生俱來的厭惡，因此只要有可能，便會全部逃避工作；由於人們具有厭惡工作的本性，因此必須對他們進行指揮、控制、監督，以及予以懲罰的威脅，才能促使他們努力向組織目標奮進；而一般人都願意接受監督，希望逃避責任，胸無大志，安於現狀。
y理論則以“人性善”為前提，認為工作對於體力與智力的消耗是再正常不過的事情，就像遊戲和休息一樣自然；促使人朝着組織目標而奮鬥，外在的控制及懲罰的威脅並非惟一的方法。人為了達到自己承諾的目標，自然會堅持“自我指導”與“自我控制”；人之所以對目標做出承諾，是為了得到實現目標後的各種酬勞；在正常情況下，人不但能學會承擔責任，還會爭取責任；以高度的想像力、智力、創造力來解決組織中的各項問題，這是大多數人都具有的能力，而不是少數人特有的能力；在現代企業模式上，大部分都只是發揮了一部分智能潛力。
隨着這兩種理論的出現，人們逐漸認識到不同的“管理先見”將決定不同的“管理績效”。例如，面對同樣一個員工表現懶散、態度冷漠、逃避責任、拒絕合作、缺乏創新，在x理論信奉者看來，那一定是員工的錯，人是慾望的動物，他們本性中有不思進取、自私自利的一面，所以管理者必須加強控制和監管的力度；而在y理論擁護者看來，那肯定是管理者的錯，是他們沒有采取適當的組織和管理方法，最終導致了員工的散漫、無紀律、磨洋工。所謂“好的制度，壞人也可以做好事，不好的制度，好人也能做壞事”，這是對y理論的較為貼切的註解。
如果説x理論走的是“否定人，肯定控制”的路線的話，那麼y理論顯然遵從相反的路徑。由於它們對人性假設的不同，勢必產生個人目標與組織目標能否融合、統一的兩種截然相反的論調。至於在戰略規劃、企業文化、人力資源、績效目標、組織架構、工作方式等方面的差異，那都是後話，都不過是附隨x理論與y理論所有的自然而然的結果。 影響：
《企業的人性面》的深刻價值在於，它首次從人性假設出發，提出了“企
業的人性面是‘一體化’的這一論點，即管理者根據怎樣的管理理論來控制員工，整個企業就具備怎樣的特點，其後續的管理者也具有相應的特點。
侷限： 麥格雷戈有很多未挑明、未説清的部分，例如是否可以用“權力均等化”來形容y理論，麥格雷戈是否有要求或暗示管理者交出權力，是否採用x理論的一定會失敗奉行y理論的一定會成功，等等。
其次xy理論是根據人性假設而來，人性善惡之辨就是千百年來所有道德哲學關注的焦點和源問題。那麼在實際應用中也就很難理解麥格雷戈提出來的xy理論。 “也許，最複雜的問題在於，”正如喬·卡徹·格爾聖菲爾德所説，“麥格雷戈將x理論和y理論放在了絕對對立的位置上。”這樣做雖然讓麥格雷戈的作品清晰而引人注目，但也造成了一定的理解障礙。人們不禁質疑：既然如此，組織又是如何長期保持各種矛盾觀點並存於制度與實踐中的？有沒有這樣的可能，即x理論與y理論總會同時出現在協商、共存之中。在埃德加·沙因給《企業的人性面》寫推薦序的時候，就明確指出有力的命令是y理論不可或缺的一面。他的意思是説，有時候，要順利推行y理論，部分x理論的貫徹是必要的。
例如，人們誤以為麥格雷是極其反對x理論的（正是因為如此，他才會創造y理論），但其實不然。麥格雷戈就曾明確表示：“x理論絕不是我們抨擊的稻草人，事實上，它是一種廣泛影響今日美國產業管理政策的理論。而且，許多管理著作中討論的組織原則，幾乎都是在x理論的基礎上衍生而來的。如果人們採用的是其他的人性假設，必定會形成與今日組織原則大相徑庭的結果。”個人認為：麥格雷戈並不是全部反對x理論，相反，麥格雷戈首先是肯定x理論的現實價值的，而且在一定程度上，正是x理論的普遍適用才成就了當時繁榮的美國產業經濟。只是後來隨着社會和理論的發展，x理論本身遇到了瓶頸，確切地説，越來越多管理實踐中出現的問題是x理論所無法克服和解決的，這才促成了“顛覆x理論的革命”和“催生y理論的運動”。
另外，像沃倫·本尼斯指出的，書中有些內容也已經不合時宜了。本尼斯發現麥格雷戈過於關注企業內部上下級之間的關係，對組織外部環境則研究不夠。這的確是事實。最近有人提出將的海爾的管理模式稱之為h理論，更側重於組織外部環境的研究。而麥格雷戈很多觀點也有賴於進一步發展。他倡導尊重員工，創造良好的工作條件，推廣集體談判，然而事實卻沒能像他所預計的那樣樂觀。他曾多次抱怨標準化，但他一定沒有預見到，後來由戴明與朱蘭提出的質量管理理論、豐田的管理方式及其顯著的精益生產、六西格瑪等會大受歡迎、成效卓越。而且，儘管麥格雷戈對“一刀切”的管理模式感到厭惡，但他並沒能提出其他有
效的方法，使一線員工的工作能夠標準化、規範化——這包括自我質量檢查、自我管理維護流程、系統的組織學習流程以及其他類似的標準化流程，從而全面檢驗企業持續發展所必需的條件。
總之，麥格雷戈提出了問題，並給予了一定的參考，但他從來不曾徹底解決這些困惑，因此留下的是永久的疑問和爭論。“有時，獨斷專行的管理者從不考慮他人或集體的利益，有時，民主的管理者不得不開除固守x理論的人。在這些情況下，權力與y理論式的承諾相互交織，引人深思。”
可以想見，關於x理論與y理論孰優孰劣的討論仍將繼續，而且在很長一段時間內都可能無法得到一個唯一、終極的答案。但有一點可以肯定，人們會隨着麥格雷戈的思路深入探究那個經典的命題——什麼是最有效的管理方式？
這一理論給我的啟示是：人是可以改變的，人變了，需要也就隨着變化了，需要一改變，動機也會變化。公關人員和領導者，在執行工作的過程中，要了解每個人的具體情況：目前主要需要什麼、將來需要什麼，幫助廣大員工制訂一個振奮人心的、科學的、與企業經營好壞緊密聯繫的奮鬥目標。這樣，激發起來的廣大員工的積極性才能持久，才能不斷地推向高潮。
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