描寫文寫作技巧

描寫文寫作技巧

這裏所説的描寫，是指對自然景物、社會環境和動植物的描寫。

描寫，是用生動形象的語言，把景物的形體、特徵、性質等具體地描繪出來，使人產生如臨其境、如睹其物的感受。它是用富有表現力的文字描繪客觀事物的一種表現形式。運用描寫，可以展現地域、環境、自然景物的畫面，可以繪聲繪色、有形有神地展示動物、植物的神態。

人們通常所説的描寫，主要是指藝術性描寫。我們這裏所説的描寫也包括了一部分用於説明文裏的技術性描寫，如地區的介紹等。描寫，有單獨成文的，也有穿插在其他體裁之中的。比如，在記敍文中，景物描寫可以創造某種氣氛，烘托人物性格、展示事件背景等。我們這裏選編的主要是單獨成文的描寫文。

一、描寫方式

所有描寫都包含兩個要素：一是對象（object），二是觀察者（observer）。前者指看到的或聽説的客觀事物，後者指看或聽的人，一般是指描寫文的作者。根據二者之中哪一個要素處於支配地位，我們可把描寫方式分為兩種：

1.客觀性描寫

客觀性描寫獨立於觀察者的感知和感情，精確記錄描寫對象的面目。它是一種真實的報道，目的在於告訴不能親眼看見描寫對象的讀者景物的真實情況。作者把自己當作是一部照相機，用詞語如實攝製真正的照片。從其超然或公正的特點來看，客觀性描寫文作者很像是科學家，他要從自己的工作中嚴格排除個人意見和感情。例如，他在描寫上樓時，不能寫“I am going upstairs”，而只能直接寫“on the second floor”；也不能用反映個人意見內涵的詞語，例如，要説“大樓”就要用陳述事實的“large building”，而不能用含有感情的表達“a magnificent building”。

2.印象性描寫

印象性描寫與客觀性描寫截然不同。它注視的是描寫對象在觀察者或作者心目中引起的情緒或情感，而不是描寫對象本身的存在。就是説，它不是向讀者傳達信息，而是要激發讀者的感情。它是讓人們去感覺，而不是讓人們去看。所以，感情交流是印象性描寫的首要目的。交流的過程起始於作者，它必須來源於真誠的感情。作者要想使自己的描寫成功，不僅感覺要深，而且要在自己的心目中明確那是什麼感情。只有作者瞭解了自己的心情才能把它交流給讀者。

二、描寫類型

描寫文有多種分類方法，有從對象上分類的，有從方法上分類的，還有從描寫角度分類的。就我們的需要而言描寫文可從內容和技法兩方面進行分類：

從描寫內容上分，我們可以把描寫文分為地方介紹、自然景物描寫、社會環境描寫和場面描寫，其中每一類又可分為若干小類。

從描寫技法上分，我們可以把描寫分為動態、靜態、動靜結合、定點觀察、移步換景、託物言志、情景交融等描寫。

三、描寫文的要求

在描寫文的寫作過程中要注意以下幾點：

1.要考慮好描寫的視角和次序。視角，就是我們通常所講的人稱，用第一和第三人稱都可以，但目的、內容和效果卻不同。描寫次序是指先寫什麼後寫什麼的問題。一般來講，英語描寫短文總是按空間順序（spatial order）來安排次序的。比如要描寫一個房間時，要從先看到的部位寫起，從上到下或從下到上。

2.要選擇好重點部位或內容來寫。無論描寫什麼都不可能面面俱到，而要選擇最能體現事物特徵的一兩點作細描處理，其他方面用白描手法一代而過。

3.要把描寫和敍述結合起來寫。在實際寫作中，描寫多半與其他體裁結合起來使用，尤其是常與敍述交織在一起，二者“難分難捨”。一般來説，敍述是概括地顯示行文進程，描寫是具體細緻地描述客觀事物。好的描寫總是把記事、寫人、狀物、寫景緊密地揉合在一起，使其渾然一體，既突出重點，又有點有面，點面結合，創造出一種和諧的美。

描寫文寫作指導

1. 描寫文概述

描寫文是一種用生動、形象的語言對人物、景物、事物等特徵和性質進行描述的寫作形式。

敍述與描寫常常是結合的。因此描寫文可分為主觀描寫與客觀描寫。主觀描寫是作者在描述人或事物時，把自己的看法、觀點表達出來。而客觀描寫只限於就事論事。如：The mountain is beautiful．（主觀描寫）The mountain is almost 800 meters high．（客觀描寫）

2. 描寫文寫作技巧

描寫文的寫作要注意突出主題，既要有想象力又要有觀察力。在根據要點或圖表寫作時，要注意組織語言，可以先寫襯托主題的內容，最後揭示主題。這樣文章結構既緊湊又有層次感，同時也能順理成章地表達作者的態度與觀點。

時態常用一般現在時或一般過去時。

在寫作過程中，作者可以按空間位置順序，由遠及近，由上及下，由外到內，由前到後組織材料；也可以按視線轉移的順序組織材料，先看到的先寫，後看到的後寫。

無論是描寫人物、事物、景色，還是別的現象，最好不要面面俱到，也不要作泛泛描述，應該選擇典型情節和特徵，或是有別於他人、他事的特點和事實進行重點描寫。

三、描寫文佳作欣賞

【範例1】

外賓要來學校參觀，請用英語寫一篇能説明學校情況的介紹，內容包括：

（1）學校概況：建於1957年，現有36個班級、100餘名教師、近兩千名學生；

（2）教學情況：學生能努力學習，積極參加各項活動，互相幫助、互相學習；教師對工作認真負責，對學生態度和藹；

（3）學校近年來的變化：新建了教學大樓和實驗樓各一棟，現在比以前漂亮多了。

參考範文

Our school was built in 1957. Now there are 36 classes, more than one hundred teachers and nearly two

thousand students．In our school，we all work hard at our lessons and take an active part in all kinds of activities（活動）．We help each other and learn from each other．The teachers are strict in teaching and very kind to us．We have built a classroom building，a lab and a small garden in front of the No．1 Teaching Building in the past few years．Now our school is much more beautiful than before．

簡評

作者用簡潔的語言介紹了學校的概況，教學情況及近年來的變化，描寫重點突出，沒有不着邊際的發揮。 請就你身邊熟悉的一小動物為描述對象，寫一篇描述性短文。

參考範文

Yesterday my father's friend gave me a dog，a naughty pet. I like him very much．The dog is about one year old．I call him Congcong, because he is clever．

His two eyes are just like two big lamps，both big and bright. He has long and white hair，which makes him look like a white ball．His nose is like a triangle next to the eyes．He has a strong and cute look．

When We have meals，he looks at us and barks at us．He seems to say，“Why don't you give me something to eat?”

This morning，my father took him out．When he saw other dogs，he ran after them and played with them．He was friendly to them．He showed his friendliness in a special way. Maybe they were talking in their own language．

What a lovely dog! I like him very much．

簡評

小作者極具觀察力和想象力，寫出了小寵物的頑皮與可愛，描寫細緻入微，值得模仿。

【範例3】

以“My Hometown”為題寫一篇介紹家鄉的短文，要求寫出特色，寫出感情。

參考範文

My Hometown

My hometown is a small village not far from Shijiazhuang. It is a beautiful place. I like it very much.

The air here is very fresh because there are no factories or cars. There is a river in the village, and there is a

bridge over the river. Near the river, there are many flowers in the green flowers smell sweet. Many trees are on both banks of the river. The birds in the trees sing in the daytime. There are cuckoos and many other kinds of birds. They sing so wonderfully.

In the evening, I often enjoy the quiet view of the countryside. At night, it is so quiet that you can hear nothing. The animals are asleep. Everyone is fast asleep. It is really a world of quietness.

What a wonderful world!

簡評

本文先寫了家鄉的位置，然後寫了家鄉美麗的風景，包括清新的空氣、清澈的河流、美麗的花草、歡樂的小鳥，最後寫了家鄉寧靜的夜晚。語言優美，抒發了作者對家鄉的熱愛。

三、學生習作與點評

【題目要求】

請你根據實際情況，以“My School Life”為題寫一篇100詞左右的英語短文，來介紹一下你的校園生活。參考詞彙：trees, flowers, air, playground, broadcast（廣播）, library.

【學生習作】

My School Life

I'm a middle school student, though our school is very usual①, it's beautiful in my heart. The school is covered with tall trees and beautiful flowers.

The air here is very fresh. In the morning, lots of schoolmates②go to school early and do some exercises. Usually we have breakfast after the first class. All of schoolmates take exercises③on the playground after two classes. Then the school broadcast begins which brings us some news about our favorite stars, music and so on. At the time④, someone⑤are reading in the library, some students are playing and talking on the playground and some back to classrooms. We have three classes in the afternoon and do some sport that we like after school and go home atabout 6∶00. Oh ! How colorful the school life is!

【名師點評】

這是一篇描述文，描寫了自己的學校以及同學們在學校的活動。文章條理清楚，句子連貫。但有幾處需注意的地方：

①usual意思是“通常的”，這兒要用common意為“普通的”。

②schoolmate指校友、同學，通常不包含自己在內，文中最好用students指全校學生。

③“All of schoolmates take exercises”應改為“All students do morning exercises”。

④At the time要説At the same time。

⑤someone意思是“某人”，要改為some students。

【改後文章】

My School Life

I'm a middle school student, though our school is very common, it's beautiful in my heart. The school is covered with tall trees and beautiful flowers.

The air here is very fresh. In the morning, lots of students go to school early and do some exercises. Usually we have breakfast after the first class. All students do morning exercises on the playground after two classes. Then the school broadcast begins which brings us some news about our favorite stars, music and so on. At the same time, some students are reading in the library, some students are playing and talking on the playground and some back to classrooms. We have three classes in the afternoon and do some sport that we like after school and go home at about 6∶00. Oh ! How colorful the school life is.