連詞
I. 要點
1、連詞的種類
(1) 並列連詞用來連接並列關係的詞、短語或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。
(2) 從屬連詞用來引導從句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。
除了從屬連詞(引導狀語從句)外，還有其它可以用來引導從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞(引導名詞性從句)，關係代詞和關係副詞(引導定語從句)。
2、常用連詞舉例
(1)and 和，並且
They drank and sang all night.
(2) both…and 和， 既…也…
Both my parents and I went there.
(3) but 但是，而
I'm sad, but he is happy.
(4) either…or 或…或…， 要麼…要麼…
Either you're wrong, or I am.
(5) for因為
I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.
(6) however 然而，可是
Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.
(7) neither…nor 既不…也不
Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.
(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…
He not only sings well, but also dances well.
(9) or 或者，否則
Hurry up, or you'll be late.
Are you a worker or a doctor?
(10) so 因此，所以
It's getting late, so I must go.
(11) although 雖然
Although it was late, they went on working.
(12) as soon as 一 …就
I'll tell him as soon as I see him.
(13) because 因為
He didn't go to school, because he was ill.
(14)unless 除非，如果不
I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.
(15)until 直到…
He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬間動詞用於not… until 結構)
He stayed there until eleven.
(16)while 當…時候，而 (表示對比)
While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while後不可用瞬間動詞)
My pen is red while his is blue.
(17)for 因為
He was ill, for he didn't come. (結論是推斷出來的)
(18)since自從…
I have lived here since my uncle left.
(19)hardly… when 一… 就
I had hardly got to the station when the train left.
(20)as far as 就… 來説
As far as I know, that country is very small.
You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那裏)
II. 例題
例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.
A as well B as well as C so well D so well as
解析：該題意為：John踢足球如果不比David好的話，那也踢得和David一樣好。 和…一樣好為as well as. 故該題正確答案為B。
例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A when B where C which D while
解析：該處意為“然而”，只有while有此意思，故選D。
例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
解析：該處意為“或者”，正確答案為C。
感歎句的類型：
⑴ What a∕an+adj+可數名詞單數 （+主語+謂語）！
What +adj+可數名詞複數∕不可數名詞 （+主語+謂語）！
What a fine day （it is) ！多麼好的天啊！ (day為可數名詞單數）
What an interesting book it is ！多麼有趣的一本書啊！（book為可數名詞單數）
What beautiful flowers they are ！多麼漂亮的花啊！ （flowers為可數名詞複數）
What bad weather it is!多麼糟糕的天氣啊！（weather為不可數名詞）
⑵ How +adj +主語+（謂語中的）系動詞！ How +adv +主語+（謂語中的）實義動詞！
How happy I am!我多麼高興啊！ （happy為adj,am為系動詞）
How hard they are working ！他們工作多麼努力啊！（hard為adv,work為實義動詞）
點撥：陳述句改為感歎句，可以採用“一判、二定、三移”。
一判：是判斷出陳述句謂語動詞後的中心詞的詞性(adj∕adv∕n)；
二定：是根據判斷出來的結果來確定引導詞（中心詞為名詞用What;中心詞為形容詞或副詞用How;）
三移：就是把主語和謂語移到後面。
注意：在感歎句中，不得出現so,very，very much等表示程度的單詞。
例如：①Our school is beautiful 。
一判：beautiful為形容詞；二定：beautiful為形容詞，用How 來引導；三移：把Our school is移到How beautiful後面，即為感歎句How beautiful our school is!
②He is a clever boy.
一判：boy為名詞；二定：boy為名詞，用What來引導；三移：把He is移到What a clever boy 後面，即為感歎句What a clever boy he is!
③He studies English well.
一判：well為副詞；二定：well為副詞，用How 來引導；三移：把He studies移到How well後面，即為感歎句How well he studies!
練習：將下列句子變為感歎句。①The room is very bright.
② We live a happy life today. ③It is a nice present.
④This is difficult problem. ⑤She played the piano wonderfully.
（best) way to do sth:做某事的(）方法
ks for+名詞V•ing:為什麼而感謝
a trip參加郊遊，at the end of this month在本月底
back to+地點：回到某地 He will go back to Beijing in 2 days.兩天後他將回北京。
a surprise party for sb為某人舉辦一個驚喜的晚會
out+名詞代詞 V•ing：沒有… He can't finish the work without our help.（help為名詞）
He went to school without having breakfast.他沒有吃早飯就去上學。（have為動詞）
forward to +名詞代詞：期待，盼望
from sb.收到某人的來信 = receive a letter from sb.
opening of… ：開幕/開業
10、在具體哪一天的上午、下午、晚上用on,比較：
in the morning在早晨 on Sunday morning在星期天的早晨
te sb to +地點:邀請某人去某地（invite -- invitation ） invite sb to do sth 邀請某人做某事
to sth / sb：回答某事/回答某人 go shopping 購物，do homework做家庭作業
介詞
I. 要點
1、介詞和種類
(1) 簡單介詞，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。
(2) 複合介詞，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。
2、介詞和其他詞類的習慣搭配關係
(1) 和動詞的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。
(2) 和形容詞的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at
(3) 和名詞的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等。
3、介詞短語可以有自己的修飾語，這種修飾語通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少數幾個副詞。如：
He came right after dinner.
He lives directly opposite the school.
4、某些介詞的意義與用法舉例
(1) at, on, in(表時間)
表示時間點用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不確定的時間或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。
指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。
指長於或短於一天的時段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。
(2) between, among(表位置)
between僅用於二者之間，但説三者或三者以上中的每兩個之間的相互關係時，也用between, 如
I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.
The village lies between three hills.
among用於三者或三者以上之間。如：
He is the best among the students.
(3) beside, besides
beside意為“在…旁邊”，而besides意為“除…之外”。如：
He sat beside me.
What do you want besides this?
(4)in the tree, on the tree
in the tree 指動物或人在樹上，而on the tree 指果實、樹葉長在樹上
(5)on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way
on the way 指在路上 in the way 指擋道
by the way 指順便問一句 in this way 用這樣的方法
(6)in the corner, at the corner
in the corner 指在拐角內 at the corner 指在拐角外
(7)in the morning, on the morning
in the morning 是一般説法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨
(8)by bus, on the bus
by bus 是一般説法 on the bus 特指乘某一輛車
II. 例題
例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?
A except B but C beside D besides
解析：A、B兩項except等於but，意為“除了…”，C-beside意為“在…旁邊”，不符合題意。而D-besides, 意為“除了…之外，還有”。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為：除了英語外，你還知道別的語言嗎？
例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.
A on B at C in D during
解析：我們均知道，at night這一短語，但如果night前有修飾詞，表具體的夜晚，則要用介詞on來修飾，故該題正確答案為A。
例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter.
A to B in C at D on
解析：該題正確答案為A。look forward to 為固定搭配，意為“期望、盼望”。
【重點短語】
1、fewer people 更少的人（fewer修飾名詞複數，表示否定）
2、less free time 更少的空閒時間（less修飾不可數名詞，表示否定）
3、in ten years 10年後(in的時間短語用於將來時，提問用How soon)
4、fall in love with„ 愛上„
例：When I met Mr. Xu for the first time, I fell in love with him at once
當我第一次見到許老師，我立刻愛上他
5、live alone 單獨居住
6、feel lonely 感到孤獨（比較：live alone/go along等）
The girl walked alone along the street, but she didn’t feel lonely那女孩獨自沿着街道走，但她並不感到孤獨
7、keep/feed a pet pig 養一頭寵物豬
8、fly to the moon 飛上月球
9、hundreds of +複數 數百/幾百（概數，類似還有thousands of; millions of）
10、the same as 和„„相同
11、A be different from B A與B不同（=There is a difference/Thgere are differences between A and B）
12、wake up 醒來(wake sb. up表示 “喚醒某人”
13、get bored 變得厭倦（get/become是連繫動詞，後跟形容詞如tired/angry/excited等）
14、go skating 去滑冰（類似還有go hiking/fishing /skating/bike riding等）
15、lots of/a lot of 許多（修飾可數名詞、不可數名詞都可以）
16、at the weekends 在週末
17、study at home on computers 在家通過電腦學習
18、agree with sb. 同意某人（的意見）
19、I don’t agree. = I disagree. 我不同意
20、on a piece of paper 在一張紙上（注意paper/information/news/work/homework/housework等常考到的不可數名詞）
21、on vacation 度假
22、help sb with sth/help sb do sth 幫助某人做某事
23、many different kinds of goldfish 許多不同種金魚
24、live in an apartment 住在公寓裏/live on the twelfth floor 住在12樓
25、live at NO.332,Shanghai Street 住在上海路332號
26、as a reporter 作為一名記者
27、look smart 顯得精神/看起來聰明
28、Are you kidding? 你在騙我嗎
29、in the future 在將來/在未來
30、no more=not „anymore 不再（強調多次發生的動作不再發生）I’ll go there no more.
31、no longer=not„ any longer 不再（強調狀態不再發生）
32、besides（除„之外還，包括）與except „but（除„之外，不包括）
33、be able to與can 能、會
big and crowded 大而且擁擠
34、be in college 在上大學
35、live on a space station 住在空間站
36、dress casually 穿得很隨意casual clothing 休閒服飾
37、win the next World Cup 贏得世界盃 win award 獲僵
38、come true 變成現實
39、take hundreds of years 花幾百年的時間
40、be fun to watch 看起來有趣
41、over and over again 一次又一次
42、be in different shapes 形狀不同
43、twenty years from now 今後20年
形容詞和副詞
I. 要點
A. 形容詞
1、形容詞的用法
形容詞是用來修飾、描繪名詞的，通常在句中作定語、表語或賓補，有時還可作狀語。如：
He is honest and hardworking.
I found the book interesting.
某些形容詞與定冠詞連用表示一類人作主語時，謂語通常用複數形式。如：
The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.
The English like to be with their families.
多個形容詞作定語修飾名詞的順序：
冠詞+序數詞+基數詞+性質狀態(描述性)+形狀大小+新舊老少+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞。如： the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.
2、形容詞比較等級的形式
(1) 規則形式
一般説來，單音節詞及少數雙音節詞在後加-er; --est 來構成比較級和最高級；其他雙音節詞及多音節詞在前加more, most.如：
great-greater-greatest
busy-busier-busiest
important-more important-(the)most important
(2) 不規則形式
good (well)-better-best
bad (ill)-worse-worst
many (much)-more-most
little-less-least
(3) 形容詞比較等級的用法
①表示兩者的比較，用形容詞的比較級+than. 如：
He is cleverer than the other boys.
This one is more beautiful than that one.
②表示兩者以上的比較，用“the +形容詞最高級(+名詞)+of(in) …”如：
He is the cleverest boy in his class.
③表示兩者是同等程度，用“as +形容詞原級+as”. 如：
He is as tall as I.
I have as many books as you.
④ 越… 越…
例如：The more I learn, the happier I am.
⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好
又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.
你怎麼讚揚這個老師也不過分。
⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day.
那一天是最令我擔心的一天。
I have never had a better dinner.
這是我吃過的最好的一頓飯。
⑦ My English is no better than yours.
我的英語和你的英語都不怎麼樣。
B.副詞
1、副詞的種類
(1) 時間副詞 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等
(2) 地點副詞 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。
(3) 方式副詞 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。
(4) 程度副詞 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。
2、副詞比較等級的用法
其用法與形容詞相似，只是副詞最高級前可省略定冠詞。如：
Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.
We must work harder.
3、某些副詞在用法上的區別
(1) already, yet, still
already表示某事物已經發生，主要用於肯定句；yet表示期待某事發生，主要用於否定句和疑問句；still表示某事還在進行，主要用於肯定句和疑問句，有時也可用於否定句。如：
We've already watched that film.
I haven't finished my homework yet.
He still works until late every night.
(2) too, as well, also, either
too, as well和 also用於肯定句和疑問句，too和as well多用於口語，一般放在句末，而also多用於書面語，一般放在句中與動詞連用。either用於否定句和否定的疑問句，往往放在句末。如：He went there too.
He didn't go there either.
I like you as well.
I also went there.
(3) hard, hardly
hardly意為“幾乎”與hard在詞義上完全不同。如：
I work hard every day.
I can hardly remember that.
(4) late, lately
lately意為“最近、近來”，late意為“晚、遲”。如：
He never comes late.
Have you been to the museum lately?
例1 Tom's father thinks he is already ____
A high enough B tall enough
C enough high C enough tall
解析：該題正確答案是B。修飾人高用tall, 而建築物的高用high,並且enough修飾形容詞要放在形容詞後面。因此該題選B。
例2 ____ the worse I seem to be.
A When I take more medicine
B The more medicine I take
C Taking more of the medicine
D More medicine taken
解析：該題正確答案為B。“the+形容詞比較級+… , the +形容詞比較級+…”意為越…，越…。該句意為：吃的藥越多，我的病越是加重。
例3“I haven't been to London yet”.
“I haven't been there ____”.
A too B also C either D neither
解析：該題正確答案為C。A和B都用於肯定句中。D-neither本身意為否定“兩者都不”，而C-either則用於否定句中，意為“也”。
例4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news.
A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply
解析：該題正確答案為B。A. deep用於副詞時，修飾具體的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply則修飾表示感情色彩的詞，如該題為deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均為副詞，不能互相修飾。
Grammar:特殊疑問句：wh-questions:what,who,where,when,which,whose,why,whom等。
特殊疑問句的構成及用法：
1、結構：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句，即：特殊疑問詞+be/助動詞/情態動詞+主語+謂語/表語（+其他）
疑問代詞：
1)Who:誰。做主語，用來指人Whoistheboyunderthetree?
2)Whom誰，做賓語，用來指人Whomareyouwritingto?
3)Whose誰的，用來指所屬關係，如果做定語，一般後接名詞Whosepenisthis?
4)Which哪個，哪些，用來指對人或物在一定範圍之內進行選擇Whichgirlswillbeinthesportsmeeting?
WhichpenisLily’s?
5)What什麼，通常指物，也可指人，一般用在沒有指出範圍的情況下Whatcanyouseeinthepicture?Whatareyoudoingnow?
疑問副詞：
1)When:何時，詢問時間Whenwillshecomeback?
2)Where何地，詢問地點，Wheredoyoucomefrom?
3)Why為什麼，詢問原因，Whyareyoulateforschool?
4)How如何，詢問手段、方式、工具以及程度等
Howdoyouusuallygotoschool?
5)Howold多大，詢問年齡，HowoldisJim’slittlebrother?
6)Howmany/much多少，詢問數量
Howmanybirdsarethereinthetree?
7)Howfar多遠，詢問距離，
Howfarisitformyourhometoschool?
8)Howlong多長，多久，詢問時間的長度或距離
HowlongwillyoustayinBeijing?
9)Howoften多長時間按一次，詢問頻率
Howoftendoyougotoseeyourgrandparents?
10Howsoon多久，詢問時間Howsoonwillyoucomeback?
頻率副詞：表示動作發生的頻率，never,hardlyever,sometimes,often,usually,always.
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