根據《在職人員以研究生畢業同等學力申請碩士學位外國語課程水平統一考試大綱》的規定，要求考生具備一定的寫作能力，在30分鐘內按要求寫出一篇100～120詞的短文，形式可以是按所給的提綱寫短文，或描述圖表，寫內容提要、概述等。本題15分。
一、評分標準
寫作評分標準主要圍繞四個方面評判：1.內容要切題；2.能正確表達思想；3.意義連貫；4.無重大語法錯誤。批改作文時，主要從內容和語言兩個方面進行綜合評判。內容和語言是一個統一體。作文應表達題目所規定的內容，而內容要通過語言來表達。作文是否切題，是否充分表達思想，和語言上的錯誤是否造成理解上的障礙有密切的關係。下面就評分標準的四個方面分別加以説明。
(一)內容切題
在目前常見的作文題目中，內容切題一般包括兩個方面。一是寫作內容要圍繞題目規定的話題展開。比如"A Fiveday Week"(五天工作制)，文章的內容應圍繞五天工作制進行論述，與其無關的內容，當以跑題論處，但此種現象並不多見。其二，在有些作文題中還包括提綱如：
Fire Accidents in Big Cities
Outline：
ent Situation
es
ures
這種帶提綱的作文題目不僅要求考生根據標題寫作，而且要根據提綱規定的內容和範圍展開各個段落，不能按自己的思路發揮。考生在這方面出的問題比較多。如1994年考研作文題是：On Making Friends(論交友)，其三段的提綱分別是： need for friends Friendship principle in making friends。第三段的提綱要求考生圍繞我交友的原則進行議論，然而有個別考生在段中這樣寫道：
The former paragraph has shown my principle in making friends in some hermore,what I want to say is that one good friend is enough.該考生把應放在第三段中論述的內容寫在第二段中，第三段就沒內容可寫了。這類命題作文要求考生按規定和要求寫作，不能按自己的想法隨意更改，寫上段作文的考生不僅第三段沒有扣題，第二段也沒有做到內容切題。一篇內容切題的作文應能既圍繞題目，又能在各段扣準提綱，才真正符合內容切題的要求。下面這一段是另一學生的作文，都是第三段，內容切題，恰當地扣住我交友的原則"的寫作要求：
When I choose friends,I do not care what work they do or what social background they are from,but I do notice those little things which reveal one's characters.I would make sure that we really care for each other,so that no matter how much time goes by without seeing each other,I know my friends will always be there,ready to help if I need them,And I know we are true friends indeed.
(二)能正確地表達思想
一篇好短文能使讀者一目瞭然。文章的思路應清楚，邏輯性強，能準確表達作者的思想。請對比下面兩段：
Have you a bike?Taking a bike is a good way,most people in university it seems not as good as other s are possible to be stolen now and ng a bike isn't always good enough for us to buy
one.
上段作者的思路紊亂不清，字裏行間不僅有許多語病，而且也沒能把思想表達清楚。讀後仍不知作者在表達什麼思想、觀點，因而這樣的段落只能得0分。請看下段：
It is very convenient to use bikes in s don'need fuel,nor a garage or a large parking s can go through narrow streets and their prices are bikes are the most popular vehicles in China today.
上段的作者以其簡單的詞彙、簡潔的語言、清楚的思路正確地表達了思想，使讀者觀後能即刻領會作者的思想。
要能正確地表達思想，考生還應掌握一些寫作技巧，如寫好段落主題句，展開段落的方法，寫好段尾句等。此外還應掌握一定的詞彙量和習慣表達法。
(三)意義連貫
文章的層次要分明，條理要清楚，上下文之間、詞與詞、句與句之間要上下連貫，前後呼應，才能使文章結構嚴謹，思路清晰、有條理。
下面這個段落是一篇文章的第三段。文章的標題是：Good Health；提綱是rtance of good health； to keep fit； own practice。根據第三段的提綱"我的做法"，一個考生這樣寫：
I don't eat meat y morning I take the long run and in my spare time I like playing tennis and this way I keep good health and lead a happy life.
上段基本切題，包括提綱要點，表達也基本清楚，但是表達不夠連貫。第一句話讓人讀起來感覺有些突然，分析第一句，作者沒有把意思表達清楚，作者我吃肉不多"一定含有這樣的意思：我飲食素淡，吃蔬菜水果多，吃肉少。如果能把這層意思寫出來，文章的連貫性也就體現出來了。作者的第二句是從體育鍛煉方面來表明自己是如何保持健康的，這應是本段中的又一層意思，在這裏如能加一個過渡詞，會使文章過渡自然流暢。請看下面經過修改的段落：
As for me(1),I enjoy a good health as I keep a simple diet with more vegetables,fruit and less over,I do some exercises whenever I have time such as long distance running,playing tennis or a result(2),I have been a top student all through the four years in the good health is important to everyone(3).
(1)發揮了承上啟下的作用，沒有這樣一個介詞短語，從第二段過渡到第三段就會顯得生硬一些。(2)也起到了連貫作用，在上述兩方面保持健康的方法介紹完後，應該進一步寫出所產生的結果，這結果就是對全段的總結概括。(3)對文章的標題及開頭起了首尾呼應的作用。
(四)無重大語法錯誤
重大語法錯誤一般指時態不一致、主語謂語單複數形式不一致、用詞不當等，這些問題的存在説明考生在平時的英語學習中很少練習寫作，有人甚至從沒寫過作文，因而出現各種各樣語法錯誤是可以理解的。考生應在考前多進行這方面的訓練，一些語法錯誤在實踐中是可以糾正過來的。下面舉幾例常見錯誤。
病句及其分析：
colleg e provid e the best condition for students.
此句的主謂語不一致。因為句子的意思是泛指大學為學生提供了最好的學習環境，這裏的主語college應變為複數。這類錯誤極為常見。
g to college does not followed that We'll have a splendid future.此句的主語是現在分詞短語，全句的意思是：上大學並不表示我們的未來就一定會光輝燦爛。
does not後應跟動詞原型follow。
nd,have a part time job for poor student is a good way to help reduce his family burden.
此句中有兩處錯誤。have a part time job不能直接作主語，可以改為不定式作主語to have a part time job,或者動名詞作主語having a part time job。第二處錯誤是poor student。普通名詞前應有冠詞a或the,如前面沒有冠詞，名詞應是複數形式。在這裏可選用不定冠詞，a poor student,或者poor students。在此句中為了與後半句中的his呼應將其改為a poor student為好。
recent years,fake goods have been discovered more and more in the market.
第四句是中文式的英文，這是考生作文中的常見錯誤。按照英語的習慣可改為More and more fake goods have been discovered in the market in recent years.
first hand I think is that law must be passed to prevent fake goods from being produced.
第五句中的The first hand是錯的，應改為On the one hand；I think是插入成分，在寫作中應儘量不使用這樣的插入成分；law前應有冠詞，此句經修改後是：On the one hand,a law must be passed to prevent fake goods from being produced.
二、寫作技巧
一篇好的短文應該觀點明確，思路清晰，論述有力、準確，語言正確，文字簡潔、流暢、連貫，結構嚴謹。短文是由段落組成，因此寫好段落是寫好短文的關鍵。
段落的組成分為三部分，主題句(Topic Sentence),推展句(Development Sentences)和結論句(Concluding Sentence)。下面分別就這三方面進行詳解。
(一)主題句
1.主題句的作用
主題句是全段的核心句，讀者通過主題句能瞭解段落的中心思想。一個好的主題句還能限制話題所談論的範圍，表明段落展開的方向及方法。在英語文章中，圍繞主題句展開的段落很多。下面兩段摘自1995年的閲讀試題。
A job applicant has the responsibility for ascertaining certain types of information prior to the interview. First,the applicant should know what kind of job he wants and how that job relates to his career is important that the applicant be able to state his reasons for wishing to work for a particular nd,the applicant should seek as much information as possible concerning the vant information for the applicant to locate includes such items as the location of the home and regional offices,the financial status of the company,plans for expansion,and company rmation about most major corporations is available in reference books and periodicals.
上段第一句是段落的主題句，句子的大意是：申請工作的人在接受面試前有責任瞭解某些方面的信息。主題句中的關鍵詞是ascertaining certain types of information。緊接着，文章圍繞主題句從兩方面展開，論述了申請人應瞭解兩類信息。
If Europeans thought a drought was something that happened only in Africa,they know better now. After four years of belownormal rainfall (in some cases only 10 percent of the annual average), vast areas of
France,Spain,Portugal,Belgium,Britain and Ireland are dry and barren r is so low in the canals of northern France that waterway traffic is forbidden except on er growers in Britain report a 30 percent drop in production because of the loss of fresh water in local rivers necessary for oyster southeastern England,the rolling green hills of Kent have turned so brown that officials have been weighing plans to pipe in water from Portugal,farmers in the southern Alentejo region have held prayer meetings for rain-so far,in vain.
上段中第二句是主題句，它點明瞭全段的中心思想，即：四年來，法國、西班牙、葡萄牙、比利時，英國及愛爾蘭的降雨量低於常年，這些國家的廣大地區都嚴重缺水。下面的各句都是圍繞這一主題展開的。
從上面兩段中我們可以看到英語的段落只能有一箇中心思想，如要再論述其他與該段中心思想無關的內容應另起一段。
2.主題句的位置
主題句的位置可以在段首：
London's weather is very strange can rain several times a day;each time the rain may come suddenly after the sun is shining air is damp(潮濕的)and chill(冷的)right through one March afternoon on Hampton Heath last year it rained three times,there was one hail(冰雹)storm,and the sun shone brilliantly-all this within two hours's is not unusual to see men and women rushing down the street on a sunny morning with umbrellas on their one knows what the next few moments will bring.
主題句的位置可以在段落中間：
Just as I settle down to read or watch television,he demands that I play with I get a telephone call,he screams in the background or knocks something over.I always have to hang up to find out what's wrong with him, Babysitting with my little brother is no fun. He refuses to let me eat a snack(快餐)in lly he wants half of whatever I have to ,when he finally grows tired,it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep.
主題句的位置可以在段尾：
Doctors are of the opinion that most people cannot live beyond 100 years,but a growing number of scientists believe that the aging process can be e are more than 12 000 Americans over 100 years old,and their numbers are increasing each James Langley of Chicago claims that,theoretically and under ideal(理想的)conditions,animals,including man,can live six times longer than their normal period of growth.A person's period of growth lasts about 25 ley's theory is accurate(準確的), future generations can expect a life span(壽命)of 150 years .
主題句的位置可在段首段尾同時出現：
Good manners are important in all countries,but ways of expressing good
manners are different from country to country icans eat with knives and forks(叉)；Japanese eat with chopsticks(筷子)icans say"Hi"when they meet;Japanese American men open doors for women;Japanese men do the surface,it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan,and in a way this is in any country,the only manners that are important are those involving one person's behavior toward another all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.
(以上4段摘自大學英語精讀課本)
主題句出現在段落首或尾完全由寫作需要而定。一般地説來，寫這樣100多詞的小短文把主題句放在段首更有利於考生扣準中心思想展開論述。
3.怎樣寫好主題句
主題句在段落中有着舉足輕重的作用。因此寫好主題句是寫好段落的關鍵。在構思主題句時要注意以下三個方面：
(1)主題句首先應是一個完整的句子，任何詞組或修飾成分都不能作主題句。如：More burdens,就不是一個完整的句子。Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text，則是一個比較好的主題句。
(2)主題句不應太籠統概括。如：William Shakespeare is great這句話很籠統，對段落如何展開沒有指導和限定作用，因而不能作主題句。如改為：William Shakespeare wrote several historic plays,則下文就能圍繞莎氏的歷史劇展開論述了。
(3)主題句不能太具體。如：The dictionary is small，句子如果太瑣碎具體就失去進一步展開的意義了。
(4)各段的主題句應相互照應。在以No Smoking為題的作文中，各段的主題句分別是：Smoking is harmful.
Smoking does not only harm the smokers but also people around efore,smoking is a bad habit.
第二段的主題句用not only，but also連接詞語溝通了上下兩段的內容。第三段的Therefore又起了承上啟下的作用，使全篇融為一體。
(二)段落的展開
展開段落的方法有很多種，在這裏我們僅介紹幾種常用方法。
1.依據歸納法或演繹法進行論述
依據歸納法展開段落是指在段落中先引用具體事實或因由進行闡述或論説，進而得出結論。演繹法則是由一般推出特殊情況的結論。
下面這一段落是用歸納法展開的段落。最後一句是結論，也是主題句。
And that is exactly what reading a book should be：a conversation between you and the umably,he knows more about the subject than you do;naturally,you will have the proper humility as you approach don't let anybody tell you that a reader is supposed to be solely on the receiving rstanding is a twoway operation;learning doesn't consist in being an empty learner has to question himself and the even has to argue with the teacher,once he understands what the teacher is marking a book is literally an expression of your
differences,or agreements of opinion,with the author.
2.依據重要性展開段落
依據思想或事實或理由的重要性的先後次序進行論述，可以從次要至重要，也可以從重要至次重要。下面段落是以次重要至重要的方法進行論述的。作者首先指出(醫生)對病人撒謊不僅對醫生本人不好，也會傷害同事，進而會有損於整個醫療事業。
Lies also do harm to those who tell them:harm to their integrity and,in the long run,to their hurt their colleagues as suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patiens;it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of "defen sive medicine",and thus it injures,in turn,the entire medical profession.
3.依據比較和對比法進行論述
一般地説，比較是指對事物的相同方面進行比較；對比是指對比事物的差異或不同方面。下面兩段就採用了對比方法。這兩段將口頭英語與書面英語的不同方面作了比較，兩段的觀點都一一對應，比如：Oral English is imformal while written English is comparatively formal就是一對觀點的對比。另外，兩段之間用unlike oral Englsh承接，既讓段落過渡自然，又使對比強烈。
First of all,oral English is usually considered no matter how poor one's language is and how strange and foreign one's pronunciation is,it seems insignificant if only one can make his audience ndly,as to the audience,they are only interested in grasping the meaning,not actually mind,or even hardly notice how many grammatical mistakes the speaker hermore,oral English is also regarded we cannot express something precisely,we may give the explanation of it instead,or correct the mistakes on the sp oral English gives less chances of misunderstanding.
Unlike oral English,written English is comparatively requires good spelling and perfect spelling and too many grammatical mistakes will put readers in a puzzling would be confused about what writers are getting addition,once the words are printed on the paper and handed to whoever the person concerned,writers can no longer make any avoid this,one has to pay much attention to spelling,practise grammer and write clearly-constructed a result it will take longer time and much more efforts to communicate in written English than in oral English.
4.依據時間的先後進行論述
依據時間的先後次序展開段落，就是完全按照事物實際發展的時間先後進行論述。如：下面兩段就是以時間為序介紹鹿的生長過程。隨着夏季一天天過去，又隨着秋去冬來，鹿的新陳代謝也隨着季節的推移而變化。
As the summer progresses and the fawns grow,they become less dependent on their mother's milk and more dependent on growing plants as food adult males spend the summer growing antlers and getting males and females continue to eat high quality food in the fall insgroupsto deposit body fat for the the case of does and fawns,a great deal of energy is expended either in milk production or in growing,and fat is
not accumulated as quickly as it is in full grown reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food supplies are limited and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow. As fall turnssintoswinter,other changes take s lose their spotted on all the deer becomes darker and change in the hair coats is usually complete by September and maximum hair depths are reached by November or December when winter becomes cold.
5.依據空間順序展開段落
依據空間的次序進行論述應是有序地由遠至近或由近至遠，由上至下或由下至上對事物進行描寫。下面的例子描寫了一幅美麗寧靜的夜景。作者先描寫空中的月亮，再隨灑向大地的月光寫到湖四周隨風搖曳的樹枝，又由青蛙的叫聲把讀者引到了湖的中央，最後結尾講：這是一個多麼迷人的夜晚。這個段落文字簡潔流暢，有序地按空間順序由上寫到下，由外寫到裏。讀者可在平時的練習中注意模仿。
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