1 用副詞開頭，常見的情形有：
(1) 副詞修飾全句
Luckily, he didn't know my phone number; otherwise, he would bother me.
Incredibly, Helena got straight A in her school report this semester.
Interestingly, cats and dogs can hardly get along well in a house.
修飾全句常用的副詞有：
obviously, undoubtedly, apparently, fortunately, clearly, unfortunately, incredibly, luckily, without doubt, surprisingly, frighteningly
這些副詞大多數表示説話人對全句的看法，在意思上相等與“It is ...形容詞 that ...”。
e.g.:
Obviously, he is nervous about the test. = It is obvious that he is nervous about the test.
Unfortunately, he tripped over and fell in the mud. = It is unfortunate that he tripped over and fell in the mud.
(2) 強調副詞
Hurriedly, the man drew me a scratch map to show me the direction.
Dangerously, the drunkard sped down the street.
Slowly and gently, snowflakes were drifting down from the sky.
(3) 副詞表示某一地域或某一領域
Geographically, Canada is the biggest country in the world.
Financially, she is independent, but emotionally she is dependent.
2. 用插入語開頭，表示説話人的態度，或使句子的意思更加準確：
Strangely enough, Jennifer does not enjoy sunshine and beach.
Generally speaking, winter in Vancouver is gloomy.
Integrated task:
表示陳述了某種觀點的：
Indicate, state, claim, believe, argue, say, hold, discuss, mention, contend, demonstrate, raise the issue, according to the professor/writer…。.
表示觀點相反的：
Cast doubt on, refute, rebuke, refuse, question, disagree with, oppose, contradict, on the contrary, differ from
表示支持的：
Support, strengthen, agree with, reinforce, present the same idea
常用表示總結聽力和閲讀材料觀點不同的句子：
1. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates。
2. this entirely opposes the writer’s expectation。
3. this is where the speaker disagrees with the writer。
4. this is another part where experience contradict theory。
模版：
In the lecture, the professor states that..., which differs from the point of the reading, the passsage contends that....。.
As for the writer, the writer indicates the contrary, the instructor argues that L1.....+detail。
In the lecture, the speaker raises the issue that L2+detail ......., yet the reading passage belives that.......R2.。.
In the lecture, the professor says L3.....+detail...., and what the professor says opposes the idea of reading which holds that R3.......。.
In a word, what is discussed in the lecture entirely opposes the writer’s expectation。
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