組成句子的各部分叫做句子成分。句子的成分有:主語、謂語、表語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語和狀語。
二. 句子最基本的結構是:主語+謂語
主語:在句子中的位置是放在句首:可以作主語的詞類有名詞、代詞、數詞、不定式以及詞組、從句等等。
e.g. The boys are playing football now. 名詞作主語
Two and two are four. 數詞作主語
To learn a foreign language is very useful. 動詞不定式作主語 This is a key. 代詞作主語。
謂語:謂語放在主語之後,動詞作謂語,包括及物動詞,不及物動詞,系動詞。
e.g. The students are reading books.
動詞作謂語
表語:放在謂語之後,結構是:主語+謂語(系動詞)+表語
用作表語的詞有名詞,代詞,數詞,形容詞,副詞,不定式,詞組,從句等等。
e.g.
We are students. 名詞作表語
This desk is hers. 代詞作表語
Lee is fifteen. 數詞作表語
Sarah’s car looks nice. 形容詞作表語
Our plan is to plant trees. 動詞不定式作表語
Is your father in? 表示地點的副詞作表語
賓語:賓語放在謂語之後,結構是:主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語,賓語分為直接賓語和間接賓語,直接賓語指物,間接賓語指人。
e.g. Please pass me the salt.
間接賓語 直接賓語
用作賓語的詞有:名詞,代詞,數詞,不定式短語,名詞性的形容詞或從句。
e.g.
Do you need any help?
名詞作賓語
Would you like to help me? 代詞作賓語
He bought ten oranges. 數詞作賓語
The teacher wants to take these chairs out of the room.
動詞不定式作賓語
賓語補足語:在句子中放在賓語之後,結構是:主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語+賓語補足語
可以用作賓語補足語的詞有:名詞,形容詞,不定式和分詞。名詞或者代詞+形容詞/名詞/不定式/分詞 e.g.
The good news made me happy. 形容詞作賓補
Did you hear her sing just now? 動詞不定式作賓補
I saw him cleaning the window yesterday. 分詞作賓補
Let us have a rest. 不定式短語作賓補
狀語:一般放在句尾,有時放句首或句中。作狀語的詞有:副詞,介詞短語、詞組,不定式短語,分詞短語第以及從句。
e.g. Immediately he started to sing. 副詞放句首,作狀語
I’m never late. 副詞放句中作狀語
He drives fast. 副詞放句尾作狀語。
Please park the car in front of the building. 介詞短詞作狀語放句尾
They went to Shanghai to have a meeting. 動詞不定式作狀語
Jack watched TV day and night. 詞組作狀語
定語:請記住有名詞或代詞的地方都可以有定語。
一般情況下單個的名詞,代詞,形容詞放在所修飾的名詞之前,而詞組、短語、從句要放在所修飾的名詞之後。
可以用作定語的詞有:形容詞,代詞,數詞,名詞或名詞所有格、介詞短語,不定式短語,詞組,分詞短語和從句。
e.g.
Ben is an old man. 形容詞用作定語,放在名詞之前。
Do you want another cake?
代詞用作定語放在所修飾的名詞前
The girl asked her mother two questions.
數詞用作定語放在所修飾的名詞之前。
The worker put the flowers in a paper bag.
名詞用作定語放在所修飾的名詞之前。
Who’s the man over there?
介詞短語作定語放在所修飾的名詞之後。
Could you bing me something to drink, please? 動詞不定式作定語,放在不定代詞之後。
The plane that can fly is a machine.
從句用作定語放在所修飾的名詞之後。
三. 句子的結構:簡單句,並列句和複合句 首先看簡單句的五種基本句型
(1)主語+謂語(不及物動詞) e.g. Summer is coming.
(2)主語+謂語(連繫動詞)+表語。 e.g. You are very busy.
(3)主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語 e.g. Mr Liu teaches English.
(4)主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語+賓語 e.g. Mum gave me a dictionary. = Mum gave a dictionary to me.